Soil erosion response to climatic change and human activity during the Quaternary on the Loess Plateau, China

We review published stratigraphic, archaeological and pedosedimentary evidence in order to reconstruct the history of soil erosion in China. Documentary evidence of climatic and flood events of the Yellow River and modern hydrological and meteorological data are synthesised to analyse the history of past human activity and its effects on soil erosion intensity during four nested periods of time during the Quaternary. The most intensive period of erosion during the Quaternary was in the Holocene. During the Holocene, intervals of intensive soil erosion occurred at 7500–7000 BP, 200 BCE–0 CE, 1000–1600 CE (Christian era) and during the 1930s, 1950s and the later part of the 1960s of the last century. Large-scale human activity including warfare during early Chinese history, population migration, the inner wars in 1930s, the Cultural Revolution and the recent national campaign to aid soil and water conservation are all closely related to the rate of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and to sediment loads in the Yellow River. Overall, soil erosion during the transition from dry-cool to wet-warm climates was more intense than during wet-warm and cool-dry climatic episodes, but serious accelerated soil erosion has occurred during the last 2,500 years because of man-induced devastation of vegetation and other anthropogenic disturbance of the environment. Modern rates of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau are a combination of both intensive natural and human-induced erosions and are some four times greater than occurred in the geological past. The recent implementation of soil and water conservation measures has decreased sediment load in the Yellow River by 25%.     

腐殖酸存在下镉和铅对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

采用室内培养试验研究Cd和Pb污染红壤添加不同组分腐殖酸后,其脱氢酶活性的变化,结果表明,红壤遭受镉和铅污染后,脱氢酶活性显著降低,然而腐殖酸特别是胡敏酸的存在能够使脱氢酶活性得到显著回升,说明腐殖酸与重金属的相互作用对重金属污染土壤微生物活性的改善和修复功能,对土壤有一定的去污降毒作用.不同腐殖酸组分的效应大小为:灰色胡敏酸(GHA)>棕色胡敏酸(BHA)>富里酸(FA),表明分子量愈大、芳构化程度愈高的腐殖酸组分,其对重金属的钝化愈强,从而解除土壤重金属对生物毒害的能力愈强.     

环境行政违法行为中违法主体的认定

通过对几起环境行政违法行为中违法主体认定的案例分析，指出，随着市场经济的发展，企业的经济行为日趋复杂，企业环境管理模式日渐多样化，对环境行政违法行为中违法主体的认定，必须以事实为依据，以法律为准绳。     

黄河三角洲变迁与新构造活动

本文从黄河三角洲的变迁特征,分析了新构造活动在黄河三角洲变迁过程中的作用,并预测了黄河三角洲的发展趋势。     

Depth profiles of radiocarbon and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter and CO2 in a forest soil

Depth profiles of the specific activities of (14)C and carbon isotopic compositions (Delta(14)C, delta(13)C) in soil organic matter and soil CO(2) in a Japanese larch forest were determined. For investigating the transport of CO(2) in soil, specific activities of (14)C, Delta(14)C and delta(13)C in the organic layer, and atmospheric CO(2) in the same forest area were also determined. The specific activity of (14)C and Delta(14)C in the soil organic matter decreased with the increase in depth of 0-60cm, while that of soil CO(2) did not vary greatly at a soil depth of 13-73cm and was more prevalent than that of atmospheric CO(2). Peaks of specific activities of (14)C appeared at the depth of 0-4cm and Delta(14)C values were positive in the depth range from 0 to 15cm. These results suggest that the present soil at a depth of 0-4cm had been produced from the mid-1950s up until 1963, and the bomb C had reached the depth of 15cm in the objective soil area. The delta(13)C in the soil organic matter increased at the depth of 0-55cm, while that of soil CO(2) collected on 8 November 2004 decreased rapidly at the depth of 0-13cm and only slightly at the depth of 53-73cm. By combining the Delta(14)C and delta(13)C of the respective components and using the Keeling plot approach it was made clear that the entering of atmospheric CO(2) showed a large contribution to soil CO(2) at the depth of 0-13cm and a negligible contribution at the depth of 53-73cm for soil air collected on 8 November 2004. Respiration of live roots was presumed to be the main source of soil CO(2) at the depth of 53-73cm on 8 November 2004.     

基于双维度校验的珠三角区域臭氧生成机制长期时空演化特征识别

臭氧（O₃）污染已经成为我国主要城市区域大气环境的首要污染物,由于其生成与前体物之间呈现高度非线性的关系,O₃生成机制的识别对前体物的减排具有基础性的重要作用.针对常规方法难以较好对机制的长期演化特征进行识别问题,基于常规观测数据（O₃、NO₂）和温度（T）与挥发性有机物活性（VOCR）之间的关系,从NO₂和T两个维度对珠三角区域O₃的生成机制进行了识别并做校验,分析了2006~2020年期间O₃的趋势变化规律和原因,研究了机制的长期演化特征.结果表明,O₃浓度随NO₂和T水平的升高呈现升高、稳定、下降和再次升高的趋势变化规律,当ρ（NO₂）处于0~35、35~45、>45 μg·m^-3和T处于>30、25~30、<25℃时,机制分别处于NO_x控制区、过渡区和VOCR控制区.不同时间段,随着T升高VOCR随之升高,推动了O₃浓度上升.由于前体物排放趋势变化和O₃生成机制状况不同,O₃浓度在不同时间段和T条件下的趋势变化规律不同.整体上,珠三角区域西部偏VOCR控制区,东部偏过渡区,两个维度机制的识别结果具有较高一致性.随时间变化,西部区域的过渡区向VOCR控制区转变,东部区域的VOCR控制区向NO_x控制区转变.在不同时间段,随着T升高O₃生成对NO_x的敏感性增强,随时间变化,高温和低温条件下O₃生成分别对NO_x和VOCR的敏感性增强.     

棉秆还田对咸水滴灌棉田土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性的影响

咸水长期灌溉会增加土壤盐分,对土壤理化性质产生不利影响,改变土壤细菌的多样性.秸秆还田可以改善土壤微环境,进而影响土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性.试验设置淡水(FW, 0.35 dS·m^-1)和咸水(SW, 8.04 dS·m^-1)两种灌溉水盐度,在每个灌溉水盐度下秸秆用量分别为0 kg·hm^-2和6 000 kg·hm^-2（分别用FWST和SWST表示）.结果表明,与淡水灌溉相比,咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分、容重、全碳和速效磷含量,但是速效钾含量明显下降.在咸水灌溉下,秸秆还田可显著增加土壤全碳、全氮、速效钾和速效磷含量,降低土壤容重.咸水灌溉下土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较淡水灌溉分别降低57.24%、 35.15%和3.91%,而脲酶活性增加26.73%,但是秸秆还田显著提高蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低脲酶活性.咸水灌溉降低酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、疣微菌门（Verruco...     

微塑料对变形杆菌生物膜生长发育的影响

微塑料对生物膜的影响现阶段主要集中于对成熟生物膜群落组成结构变化的研究,缺乏对不同发育阶段生物膜的研究.为探究微塑料对不同发育阶段生物膜的影响,选用环境中广泛存在的变形杆菌和1μm聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)作为研究对象,通过暴露实验研究PS-MPs对生物膜生物量、胞外聚合物(EPS)组成和胞外酶活性的影响.结果表明,PS-MPs对不同阶段生物膜的影响存在显著差异,其抑制效应随生物膜的发育显著减轻.不同生长发育阶段的生物膜对微塑料敏感度不同.可逆附着期生物膜EPS组成、活性氧(ROS)生成和胞外酶活性的抑制效应临界浓度(NOEC)明显低于其他发育阶段,但总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性NOEC值与其他阶段相当.这可能是ROS介导的蛋白质氧化的结果,其他阶段生物膜较为完整的EPS可以减少但不会完全消除这种作用,说明PS-MPs对生物膜存在低毒性作用.     

生物炭与氮肥复施对镉污染水稻土修复效应及机制

重金属镉(Cd)污染已严重影响土壤健康,威胁农产品生产安全利用.因此采用盆栽试验,以Cd污染水稻土为供试土壤,研究生物炭(BC)、不同氮肥施用水平2.6 g·pot^-1(N1)、 3.5 g·pot^-1(N2)、 4.4 g·pot^-1(N3)和生物炭配施氮肥(BCN1、 BCN2、 BCN3)对土壤Cd形态、水稻体内Cd富集和转运以及土壤酶活性的影响,并通过高通量测序分析土壤微生物菌群变化和微生物间复杂的相互作用关系.结果表明,生物炭配施氮肥处理下土壤Cd由活性较高的可交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,可交换态Cd含量较对照降低了6.2%～14.7%,残渣态Cd含量提高了18.6%～26.4%.单一氮肥处理增强了水稻根部Cd的富集能力,提高了22%～33.5%,单一生物炭和配施氮肥处理下水稻根部Cd的富集能力、 Cd从茎叶向稻壳和稻壳向稻米的转运系数均下降.BCN处理总体上促进了土壤酶活性(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶),MiSeq测序显示生物炭配施氮肥提高了土壤细菌主要物种相对丰度(如Acidobacteriale...     

降水改变下撂荒草地的化学计量失衡改变调节土壤呼吸

降水作为全球气候变化的关键因子,其变化会影响土壤呼吸.微生物是土壤呼吸的关键驱动因素,但是在不同降雨梯度下,针对脆弱生境地区,微生物化学计量与呼吸的关系还不明确.以黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地为研究对象开展了原位模拟降雨变化的实验(5个降水梯度),测定了土壤呼吸、养分、微生物生物量和胞外酶,并计算微生物计量特征.结果表明：(1)土壤呼吸(SR)在增雨处理下土壤呼吸显著升高,而在减雨处理下显著降低.(2)降水变化影响了化学计量不平衡,其中活性资源库氮(N)与磷(P)之间的不平衡(N∶P不平衡)整体呈现出近“U”型趋势,活性资源库碳(C)与P之间的不平衡(C∶P不平衡)仅在2019年变化显著,变化趋势为：P50>P25>CK>D25>D50,表明C∶P不平衡对降雨变化更敏感.(3)随降雨量的增加土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)降低,氮降解酶活性β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAG)之和(NAG+LAP)在两年减雨处理期间显著下降;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在增雨条件下活性显著增强,而在减雨条件下活性显著减弱;BG∶(NAG+LAP)和BG∶ALP均...